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The prince was enthusiastic about music, was a good bass singer, and played violin, viola da gamba and harpsichord.[5] The court adhered to the Reformed Church; therefore, Bach had no obligation to compose church music as he had in his earlier posts and later as Thomaskantor in Leipzig. In Köthen, he had to write cantatas only for the court's two secular feast days: the prince's birthday and New Year's Day. He wrote Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht as a congratulatory cantata for New Year's Day of 1719.[6]
Only few cantatas survived of the twelve that Bach is thought to have composed in his six years while in Köthen", including Durchlauchtster Leopold, composed for the prince's birthday, probably in 1722.[6] The homage cantatas were performed as serenatas or evening serenades. Their style is similar to opera of the period and includes dance-like music.[7]
Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht is based on words by Christian Friedrich Hunold, whose pen name was Menantes.[2][8] A novelist as well as a librettist, Hunold taught at the University of Halle, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Köthen. Bach collaborated with him on several cantatas between 1718 and 1720. Hunold published the text in the collection Auserlesene und theils noch nie gedruckte Gedichte unterschiedener Berühmten und geschickten Männer (Selected and partly never printed poems of different notable and skillful men) in Halle in 1719. Other texts published by Hunold include that of Bach's cantata Der Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück, BWV 66a, written for the prince's birthday on 10 December 1718.[9][10] Literally "Heaven thought of Anhalt's glory and fortune", it has also been translated in a singable version as "Since Heaven Cared for Anhalt's Fame and Bliss".[11]
The text of the serenata Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, for most of the movements, recounts a dialogue between two allegoricalfigures: Time, representing the past, and Divine Providence, representing the future.[1][7]The music remained in manuscript and, like most of Bach's works, was not printed in his lifetime. Bach led the first performance of the cantata on 1 January 1719
